There was a potentially significant decision on February 19th in the Georgia Court of Appeals. It involves two of the most notriously scandalous avoidances of accountability in metro Atlanta — taxi cabs and the City of Atlanta — as well as the notoriously tough area of DOT liability for road design and maintenance. I’m confident that my brethren and I will be diagraming the sentences in this decision for some time to come.
The wrongful death case arose when a taxicab in which the decednt was riding spun out of control on a wet overpass and collided with a tree. The Court held that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to Greg Shepard, a Vehicle for Hire Inspector employed by the city of Atlanta, who inspected the taxicab on the day before the deadly accident. Shepard was not immune from liability, because his position as an inspector required him to enforce all state codes; O.C.G.A. § 40-8-74 (e) (1) mandates a minimum tread depth of 2/32 inch for tires on passenger vehicles; the evidence showed that the taxicab had no tread on its rear tires; Shepard was required to check the minimum tread depth on the taxicab’s tires and he was required to complete an inspection checklist before he could pass the taxicab as safe, which he did not do, since he merely wrote pass on the front of the form without checking any of the boxes indicating whether the taxicab’s exterior and interior parts, including the tires, were functioning properly. Since Shepard’s required tasks were simple, absolute and definite, they were ministerial, not discretionary.
The Court also held that the trial court erred in granting the Georgia DOT’s motion to dismiss, based on sovereign immunity, since the plaintiff alleged claims against the DOT for negligent maintenance or design of the roadway where the collision occurred. The plaintiff asserted that the DOT was repeatedly notified that the slope of the road’s shoulder was too great, trees were too close to the road and water accumulated on the road due to inadequate drainage; expert evidence showed that the DOT failed to follow generally accepted design, construction and maintenance practices, with regard to the roadway and adjacent areas. DOT moved for dismissal under OCGA § 50-21-24 (8) and (9), which involve inspection and permitting exceptions, not subsection (10), which involves construction plans or design. However, the Court affirmed the grant of summary judgment to the city of Atlanta on Heller’s nuisance claim, since the city had no notice of a dangerous condition within the meaning of a nuisance; i.e., no evidence showed that taxicabs with insufficient tire tread routinely passed city inspections and were involved in injury causing collisions.
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Heller v. City of Atlanta
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| Mikell, Judge. This is an appeal from the grant of dispositive relief to all governmental defendants in a wrongful death and nuisance action filed by Ed Heller, individually and as administrator of the estate of his deceased wife, Patricia Heller. Mrs. Heller was killed on January 29, 2003, when the taxicab in which she was riding spun out of control on a wet overpass on Interstate 85 and collided with a tree. The taxicab’s tires had little or no tread, but the vehicle had passed a mandatory City of Atlanta (the "City") inspection the previous day. Heller sued the City; Greg Shepard, a Vehicle for Hire Inspector employed by the City in the Atlanta Police Department’s Bureau of Taxicabs and Vehicles for Hire ("Taxi Bureau"), who inspected the taxicab; the state Department of Transportation ("DOT"), which maintained the roadway; Abdallah Adem, the cab driver; and United Express Cab Co. ("United"), the company for whom Adem drove the cab. The trial court granted summary judgment to the City on Heller’s nuisance claim, granted summary judgment to Shepard on the basis of official immunity, and dismissed the claims against the DOT on sovereign immunity grounds. Heller appeals. Because we find that Shepard’s act of inspecting the tires was a ministerial function, we reverse the grant of summary judgment to Shepard. Further, because the trial court erred in concluding that DOT was excused from liability by the inspection and permitting exceptions to the waiver of sovereign immunity in the Georgia Tort Claims Act ("GTCA"),1 we reverse the grant of the DOT’s motion to dismiss. We affirm the grant of summary judgment to the City on the nuisance claim. "On appeal from the grant of a motion for summary judgment, we conduct a de novo review of the law and evidence, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, to determine whether a genuine issue of material fact exists and whether the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law."2 So viewed, the evidence shows the following relevant facts. Adem brought his taxicab to the Taxi Bureau on January 28, 2003, for a semi-annual inspection, which is required in order to maintain a valid Certificate of Public Necessity and Convenience ("Certificate") issued by the City. The 1995 Code of Ordinances of the City of Atlanta ("City Code") Sec. 162-34 (c) (2) (a), requires that "tires [among all other exterior parts of the taxi] shall be inspected to ascertain that each is functioning properly." Shepard performed the inspection. Although he passed the United taxicab, he did not complete the inspection sheet, which lists all the exterior and interior parts of the vehicle separately. The list has a box next to each part, and the inspector is supposed to mark "yes" or "no" to indicate whether the part, including tires, is functioning properly. Shepard simply wrote "pass" on the front of the form without checking any box. On the following day, Mrs. Heller, a 51-year-old consultant from Boston who earned more than $500,000 annually, arrived at the Atlanta airport and entered Adem’s taxi at 11:00 a.m. It was raining, and the roads were wet. Adem proceeded northbound on I-85. The taxi began spinning out of control while driving around a curve in the left-hand lane near the Hapeville overpass, crossed three lanes of traffic, and crashed into a large tree 20 or more feet away from the edge of the acceleration lane, killing Mrs. Heller instantly. Adem was charged with vehicular homicide in the second degree, to which he pleaded guilty on August 23, 2005. Specifically, Adem pleaded guilty to causing Mrs. Heller’s death by violating two laws: OCGA § 40-8-74 (e) (1), which mandates that "[a]ll tires . . . [s]hall have not less than 2/32 inch tread measurable in all major grooves," and OCGA § 40-6-180, driving too fast for conditions. The affidavit for his arrest warrant reflects that the taxicab had zero tread on the rear tires. 1. In his first enumeration of error, Heller challenges the grant of summary judgment to Shepard on official immunity grounds, arguing that his acts or omissions during the inspection of the taxicab were ministerial, not discretionary. Heller further alleges that Shepard negligently inspected the taxicab, that as a result of the negligent inspection, Adem was allowed to drive with slick tires, and that the slick tires were a proximate cause of Mrs. Heller’s death. The doctrine of official immunity provides that a public officer or employee may be held personally liable for his negligent ministerial acts, but he is immune from damages caused by his discretionary acts unless such acts are wilful, wanton, or outside the scope of his authority.3 The difference between ministerial and discretionary acts is explained as follows: A discretionary act is one calling for the exercise of personal deliberation and judgment, which in turn entails examining the facts, reaching reasoned conclusions, and acting on them in a way not specifically directed. On the other hand, a ministerial act is commonly one that is simple, absolute, and definite, arising under conditions admitted or proved to exist, and requiring merely the execution of a specific duty.4 In deciding whether an action is discretionary or ministerial, the court must focus on the character of the specific actions taken by the government official or employee, not the general nature of the job.5 Under this standard it makes no difference that the official is required to perform discretionary acts if the complained-of act is more properly characterized as ministerial. The grant of qualified immunity, then, is really more in the nature of a transitory privilege rooted in the fear that a contrary rule would inhibit the judgment upon which good government rests. The single overriding factor is whether the specific act from which liability allegedly arises is discretionary or ministerial.6 This determination is made on a case-by-case basis.7 In the case at bar, the specific action of which Heller complains is the manner in which Shepard inspected the tires of the taxicab at issue. Shepard testified that he inspects tires by looking at them from a standing position. In so doing, Shepard asserts that he is required to exercise judgment, rendering the act discretionary.8 We do not agree. "[T]he execution of a specific task is characterized as ministerial even though the manner in which it is accomplished is left to the employee’s discretion."9 Checking tires for proper tread depth is a simple, ministerial task. There is a state law which provides that "[a]ll tires . . . [s]hall have not less than 2/32 inch tread measurable in all major grooves."10 There is evidence that the tires which Shepard claims to have inspected did not have tread depth of at least 2/32 of an inch. Shepard points out, however, that nothing in the City Code specifies the manner in which he must check the tires.11 He testified that vehicle for hire inspectors are neither authorized nor trained to enforce state codes; that he was unaware of the required tread depth under state law for passenger vehicles, even though he has been a supervisor since 2003; and that he does not use a mechanical device to measure tread depth. It is true that the official job description for a City Vehicle for Hire Inspector states that the purpose of the job "is to perform inspections work in the enforcement of City ordinances designed to ensure Atlanta’s citizens and visitors, safe, courteous and professional Vehicle for Hire Services."12 But the same document states that one of the inspector’s "Essential Duties and Responsibilities" is to "[e]nforce[ ] all city and state codes , ordinances, laws and regulations to ensure safe vehicle for hire operations."13 Shepard admitted that this was his job description on the date he performed the inspection, although he testified that he was "not aware" of any such state code. In urging that we affirm the trial court, Shepard suggests that he is cloaked with official immunity for his actions because he had no duty and no authority to enforce state law and because the manner in which he inspected tires was left to his discretion. This argument is disingenuous. The job description of a city vehicle for hire inspector states that he or she is required to enforce state codes. OCGA § 40-8-74 is a state law. It mandates minimum tread depth for passenger vehicles. Shepard, as a city vehicle for hire inspector, was required to check for minimum tread depth. Shepard was also required to complete the inspection checklist before he could pass the taxi as safe.14 Those tasks were simple, absolute, and definite; hence they were ministerial. Shepard is not entitled to official immunity, and he may be held liable if a jury determines that he performed his tasks negligently. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment to Shepard. 2. Heller next contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to the City on his nuisance claim. Heller alleges that Shepard’s practice of not properly inspecting tires was known to department supervisors and constituted a nuisance. We disagree. "A nuisance is anything that causes hurt, inconvenience, or damage to another[;] and the fact that the act done may otherwise be lawful shall not keep it from being a nuisance."15 "In common parlance, the word nuisance is a broad term. In law it has a restricted meaning."16 Before a municipality may be held liable for maintaining a nuisance,"there must be the maintenance of a dangerous condition on a continuous or regular basis over a period of time in which no action or inadequate action is taken to correct the condition after knowledge thereof."17 This cause of action has three essential elements: (1) the alleged defect or degree of misfeasance must exceed mere negligence; (2) the act must be of some duration and the maintenance of the act or defect must be continuous or regularly repetitious; and (3) the municipality must have failed to act within a reasonable time after knowledge of the defect or dangerous condition.18 In granting summary judgment to the City, the trial court concluded that there was no evidence that the City had notice of a dangerous condition or a repetitive act that had caused injury. Heller argues that the "notice" required to maintain a nuisance action is notice of the dangerous condition, not notice of the actual harm resulting from the condition. Heller is correct that the municipality must either have knowledge "or be chargeable with notice of the dangerous condition. "19 We hold that the trial court correctly concluded, as a matter of law, that the City had no notice of a dangerous condition within the meaning of a "nuisance." Even though there is evidence in the record that inspectors did not measure tire tread depth, there is no evidence that taxicabs with insufficient tread on their tires routinely passed City inspections and thereafter were involved in collisions that caused injury. The cases cited by Heller do not persuade us otherwise. In City of Eatonton v. Few ,20 plaintiff’s son drowned in a swimming pool which the city was obligated to maintain and operate. The water in the pool was cloudy, the machine that was used to clean it was broken, and the pool manager testified that he contacted the employee in charge of the municipal water system at least five times about the condition. We held that this evidence authorized the jury to find that the manner in which the pool was operated constituted a nuisance.21 The case at bar is distinguishable because there is no evidence that anyone complained about taxicabs inspected by the City operating with slick tires. Heller also cites Whiddon v. O’Neal ,22 but that case is distinguishable as well. In Whiddon , a child was struck by a car in an unattended crosswalk as she was leaving elementary school. The city normally supplied a crossing guard but she had been out sick for a period of time, and the city averred that the substitute guard for the day in question had been called to a city emergency. We held that a jury issue was raised as to whether the city’s failure to provide a substitute crossing guard or to inform the public of the lack of a guard created a nuisance.23 In that case, there was evidence that the city knew the crosswalk was unattended. Here, there is no evidence that the City knew that inspectors were giving a passing grade to dangerous tires —other than the ones on the taxicab that Adem was driving. The trial court did not err in granting summary judgment to the City on the nuisance claim. 3. Finally, Heller argues that the trial court erred in granting the DOT’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction on the basis of sovereign immunity. Heller asserted claims against the DOT for negligent maintenance or design of the roadway where the collision occurred, asserting that the DOT had been repeatedly notified that the slope of the shoulder of the road was too great, trees were permitted to remain too close to the road, and water accumulated on the road due to inadequate drainage. The GTCA provides a waiver of the state’s sovereign immunity for torts committed by state officers and employees while acting within the scope of their official duties unless the alleged tortious act falls within one of the exceptions set forth in OCGA § 50-21-24.24 The Code section provides that the "state shall have no liability for losses resulting from" 13 actions, including: (8) Inspection powers or functions, including failure to make an inspection or making an inadequate or negligent inspection of any property other than property owned by the state to determine whether the property complies with or violates any law, regulation, code, or ordinance or contains a hazard to health or safety; [and] (9) Licensing powers or functions, including, but not limited to, the issuance, denial, suspension, or revocation of or the failure or refusal to issue, deny, suspend, or revoke any permit, license, certificate, approval, order, or similar authorization.25 The DOT moved to dismiss solely on the basis of these subsections, known as the inspection and permitting exceptions, arguing that it was immune from Heller’s claims for negligent maintenance or design of the roadway because the death resulted, at least in part, from Shepard’s negligent inspection of the taxi and the City’s failure to revoke the taxi’s operating permit. The trial court agreed. Heller contends that, regardless of the inspection or permitting exceptions, the DOT may be held liable as a joint tortfeasor for negligent design and maintenance of the roadway. We agree with Heller. First, we examine the exceptions. Under the [GTCA] the state waives its sovereign immunity for the torts of state officers and employees "acting within the scope of their official duties or employment." OCGA § 50-21-24 (8) operates as an exception to this waiver and must be understood in that context. Thus, the phrase "inspection powers and functions," as used in that statute, refers to those inspection powers and functions undertaken by state officials in the performance of their official duties or employment. Such action comes within the scope of the exception, notwithstanding the source of the alleged duty to inspect.26 Similarly, the permitting exception "grants broad immunity for losses resulting from virtually any action the [s]tate DOT could take regarding," for example, authorizing a traffic light at an intersection.27 Thus, it logically follows that the inspection and permitting exceptions apply to actions taken by state actors, and the state cannot incur liability for tortious acts committed by others.28 But this does not end our inquiry. In granting the DOT’s motion to dismiss, the court relied on Dept. of Human Resources v. Coley 29 and Dept. of Human Resources v. Hutchinson .30 In Coley , a patient in a state hospital strangled another patient to death, and the plaintiff sued the Department of Human Resources, among others. The Department moved for dismissal pursuant to OCGA § 50-21-24 (7), the assault and battery exception to the waiver of sovereign immunity.31 Relying on Hutchinson ,32 we reiterated that the state was immune from liability for "any and all losses resulting from the torts enumerated in OCGA § 50-21-24 (7), regardless of who committed them."33 We also rejected the notion that the Department could be held liable for negligently hiring or supervising an employee who commits a battery, stating that [i]t is true that there may be more than one proximate cause of a plaintiff’s loss. Regardless of the number of proximate causes, however, the plaintiff sustains only one "loss." This loss cannot be apportioned among the various proximate causes, with part of the loss attributed to one event and another part attributed to a different event.34 Coley is distinguishable, because in that case there was no independent exception to the waiver of immunity which could, in certain circumstances, serve as a basis for liability. As we noted in Hutchinson , in which we held that the Department was immune from liability under the assault and battery exception for the shooting of the operator of a group home by a juvenile offender who had been placed there by the Department,35 "the government action taken, placing the juvenile in Hutchinson’s home, itself produced no loss to her; it was the juvenile’s independent tort, one specified in OCGA § 50-21-24 (7), that resulted in Hutchinson’s injury and damages."36 In the case at bar, Heller’s claims of negligent design and negligent maintenance can independently establish a waiver of sovereign immunity.37 OCGA § 50-21-24 (10) provides that the state shall not be liable for losses resulting from [t]he plan or design for construction of or improvement to highways, roads, streets, bridges, or other public works where such plan or design is prepared in substantial compliance with generally accepted engineering or design standards in effect at the time of preparation of the plan or design. There is expert testimony in the record that the DOT failed to follow generally accepted design, construction, and maintenance practices with regard to the roadway and adjacent areas, and that this deviation from the standard of care contributed to Mrs. Heller’s death. Significantly, the DOT did not move for dismissal under OCGA § 50-21-24 (10). Thus, the loss may result from negligent design or maintenance of the roadway, for which a jury may determine that the DOT is liable.38 The question is not, as in Coley , whether the loss resulted from a harm for which there is sovereign immunity. |